Over the past 50 years, the field of engineering simulation has developed numerical methods that enable engineers to solve 3D physics problems faster, easier, with greater accuracy and more robust results. Finite element analysis (FEA), finite volume methods (FVM) and finite different time domain (FDTD) have increased solver efficiency while dynamic visualization techniques improve what is often called user-friendliness. Despite these improvements, certain challenges still remain. Specifically, simulation requires the simultaneous trade-off of: Accuracy of results Speed of results Ease of use of the workflow Robustness of the workflow Take, for example, mesh generation, the building block of multiphysics solutions. It is well known that using coarser meshes increases simulation speed but will result in loss of accuracy. Similarly, easy-to-use workflows with simpler meshes also reduce accuracy, and can introduce other issues: The simulation may not converge and the robustness fails. Ansys is exploring the use of AI/ML to solve all of these problems. Simultaneous Improvements Commercialization of AI began in the 1970s, but the field actually got its start a decade earlier with the development of rules-based expert systems. The simplest form of AI, these systems rely on curated human expertise to solve problems that would normally require human intelligence. We’d expect that AI/ML applications would be actively used in science and medicine, from streamlining drug discovery and advancing robot-assisted surgery to automating medical records that can be instantaneously accessed by providers anywhere in the world. But AI/ML is rapidly being successfully adopted by an increasingly broad range of industries and users. It’s helping consumer brands mine their social media to find out customers’ feel about their products (sentiment analysis), giving investors a leg up on stock trade opportunities (financial algorithmic trading) and enabling e-commerce owners to personalize offerings to online shoppers (recommendation engines). At Ansys, we can use AI/ML methods to automatically find the parameters of simulation to simultaneously improve speed and accuracy. We believe applying AI/ML will enable us to: Further improve customer productivity Augment simulation, including accelerating chip thermal solutions and developing a fluids solver that combines high-fidelity solutions in local regions with ML methods in coarse regions Optimize design space exploration Drive business-intelligence decisions such as resource-prediction needs for our solvers Combine data analytics-based and simulation-based digital twins to create accurate and fast digital twin hybrids In other words, we believe that AI/ML will help us narrow the gap between the ideal world, where time, effort, efficiency and results are perfectly balanced, and what happens in real life – and make productivity, ease of use, and accuracy a little less of a trade-off. To learn more about applying AI/ML to autonomy, click here. Prith Banerjee is Chief Technical Officer at Ansys, Inc.

Introduction Automated production in electronics manufacturing can produce high-quality products, but it might lead to a particular failure without human interventions. With the rapid technology development, such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), big data analysis, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), many manufacturing processes can be more intelligent, and Industry 4.0 can then be realized in the near future[1]. Smart manufacturing adopts real-time decision-making based on operational and inspectional data and integrates the entire manufacturing process as a unified framework. Then, the future manufacturing process transforms cyber-physical systems digitally and responds to any uncertain situations proactively while ensuring higher efficiency. In Surface Mount Assembly (SMA) lines, equipment status and quality data can be collected via IIoT technology. Data-driven solutions, such as AI and machine learning algorithms, can be applied to diagnose abnormal defects and adjust optimal machine parameters in response to unexpected changes/situations during production. Collaborating with various SMT industry partners, the research team at the State University of New York at Binghamton (aka Binghamton University) developed a novel framework based on AI-based closed-loop feedback control and parameter optimization to implement a smart manufacturing solution in the PCB assembly for yield and throughput improvement. This AI-based framework could provide a potential road map for data-driven process control in SMA. Machine Intelligence in SMA Each SMA process has a critical effect on the final PCB product quality and throughput. Notably, the solder printing process is a critical operation because over 60% of the PCB assembly soldering defects can be traced back to this stage. An inadequate volume of solder paste transferred to any PCB pad is a printing fault, which leads to board failure and substantial reworking and repair costs. The pick and place (P P) process is the highest cost procedure, including expensive machine investment and extended production time. In the soldering reflow process (SRP), the reflow oven temperature and other related settings determine the solder joints' quality and reliability. Hence, multiple inspection machines in the SMA processes have been introduced, including solder paste inspection (SPI) and automated optical inspection (AOI) machines. Particularly, two independent AOIs could be employed to detect the components' defects before and after SRP. Because many electronics components become small-scale (e.g., ), more assembly-related failures are often observed in recent SMA processes. The Smart Electronics Manufacturing Laboratory (SEML) at Binghamton University is fully equipped with two solder paste printers, two chip-mounters, and a reflow oven along with SPI and AOI machines. The research team tested more than 8,000 PCB at SEML. The results show that numerical methods based only on physical properties might have practical limitations in explaining small-scale components' behavioral patterns. It might be caused by unknown environmental factors (e.g., temperature and humidity), machine calibration, measurement accuracies, vibrations, etc., which could have influenced the quality of the SMA outcomes. However, recent research shows that AI-based methods can increase product quality up to 35%, reduce scrap rates, and optimize fab operations in semiconductor manufacturing, compared to traditional approaches[2]. It implies that a data-driven intelligent SMA process control has the potential to advance SMA processes. The goal of the smart SMA is to maintain optimized settings in both offline and online scenarios. The AI and data analytics solution can optimize all SMA process parameters before production (i.e., offline control) and during production (i.e., online control). The overall schematic of the AI-based closed-loop feedback control framework is illustrated in Figure 2. Intelligent SMA Modules In the solder printing process, four machine intelligence modules are considered: Printing advising module (PAM) Printing optimization module (POM) Printing diagnosis module (PDM) Dynamic stencil cleaning process control (CPC) Figure 2. A schematic diagram of the AI-based closed-loop feedback platform Figure 3. PAM effectiveness over customer’s best-known printing parameter setting PAM aims to recommend the ideal initial setting of the printer critical parameters, such as printing speed, printing pressure, and separation speed, using hybrid machine learning and heuristics optimization techniques[3]. As a case study, the research team validated the PAM's performance with an automotive PCB testbed and compared the printing results to the best-known printing parameters. The experimental results show that PAM can achieve over 50% higher Cpk (i.e., process capability index, as shown in Figure 3). POM optimizes printing parameters in real-time by monitoring printing quality and fine-tuning offset and process parameters for adapting to dynamic conditions[4]. The experimental results show that POM achieves more than 30% production quality improvement in terms of the Cpk by adjusting printing parameters compared to the offline control. PDM provides anomaly detection and diagnosis of the potential printing failure cases to improve process quality and reduce downtime[5]. The experimental results show that the PDM can achieve more than 87% accuracy in predicting different types of defects, improper printer hardware issues in the board support, squeegee, paste conditions, etc. The CPC uses the SPI information to estimate residue buildup level on the stencil undersurface and assess the stencil cleaning profile and cycle control, as illustrated in Figure 4[6]. Upon the implementation of CPC, it is expected that the robustness of the printing quality and the Cpk can be improved by 34% and 10%, respectively, compared to the best-known cleaning parameters using in the production line. Figure 4. Smart residue buildup prediction for stencil cleaning operation control During the P P procedure, the mounter optimization module (MOM) and the mounter diagnosis module (MDM) can be applied as a machine's automation process while optimizing the P P machine's parameters. By utilizing self-alignment effects appropriately, MOM identifies the optimal placement position by predicting the component's post-reflow positions based on the data collected by SPI, Pre-AOI, and Post-AOI machines, as shown in Figure 2. MOM also offers the placement positions adaptively during active production. In the MOM framework, multiple dynamic placement options are first generated based on the solder paste offset information. The components' final offsets in both x and y directions are predicted by a hybrid AI model that stacks on the k-nearest neighbor regression and the gradient boosting regression models. The optimal placement, which has the minimum predicted post-reflow misalignment, can be identified by MOM. The experimental results show that MOM can decrease 18% of the final misalignments compared to a conventional P P placement method (i.e., placing a component on the pad center). MDM is a prescriptive and predictive maintenance method that uses P P machine operational and AOI inspection data to trace back the root causes of P P defects and prevent future failure. MDM can achieve an accuracy of 84.50% in identifying the known root causes of certain defects, such as improper nozzle size, parts' contamination, and feeder problem. It shows that different mounting defects can be detected and classified automatically when the abnormality is detected through AI-based diagnosis algorithms. Figure 5. The illustration of the optimal placement position in the MOM One of the reflow oven issues to be addressed is to find the optimal reflow oven temperature settings, which would affect the final quality of the PCB products. Solder paste manufacturers usually provide a target profile based on the solder paste composition's physical properties, and solder joint temperature is required to meet the given profile. Hence, reflow engineers should fine-tune reflow oven temperature manually to ensure a thermal profile outcome from the reflow oven to correctly meet a target profile, requiring substantial cost and effort. The research team proposes an automated reflow recipe optimization model based on the PCB thermal profile and its recipe. Figure 6. Optimized thermal recipe and thermal profile First, the initial recipe collects the data for the prediction model and identifies the relationship between the thermal profile and the corresponding recipe. Then, an AI-based model is developed to predict the thermal profile based on the input recipe. Compared to traditional methods, the AI-based method generates an optimal reflow oven recipe to minimize the gap between the predicted temperature and the given profile. As a result, the AI-based prediction model allows us to achieve promising results, such as 97% of fitness in the given profile temperature curve within one hour of processing time. The proposed model has other significant advantages, such as saving time, labor, and materials. It enhances the degree of automation of the PCB reflow process. In the future, data from multiple inspection machines will be integrated so that the reflow optimization process is fully automated and generates more reliable results. Summary and Conclusion The small-scale electronics products make the SMA processes much more complicated to maintain high-quality PCB products, and theoretical interpretations of the SMA processes can be challenging due to many uncertain factors. With the help of AI and big data collected from various inspectional operations, SMA processes can be intelligent and flexible in response to dynamic environmental situations. While retaining the optimal control parameters throughout the SMA processes, the final PCB product quality can be enhanced while maintaining the designed throughput. Automated and smart systems bring about the opportunity to next level of electronics manufacturing, which utilizes the data and information from the end-users through edge/cloud computing and fastens the customized product manufacturing with increasing efficiency for high-mix/low-volume manufacturing. Also, it can increase verities of design and fasten the delivery time. About the Author Prof. Sang Won Yoon is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Scholarship and Creative Activities in 2019 and a highly successful researcher who leads many productive long-term industry collaborations. Prof. Yoon received his doctoral degree in School of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University, and he joined the faculty of the Watson School in the Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering at State University of New York at Binghamton in 2010. Prof. Yoon has been studying how to extract useful insights from expanding data sets to support intelligent decision-making processes. His research not only resides in better understanding large-scale data set by using statistical learning methodologies, but also leverages optimization, soft computing, simulation, and complex theories with conventional machine learning algorithms. As a result, Prof. Yoon has published in over 130 internationally renowned journals and conference proceedings. He was also a member of the Data Science Transdisciplinary Area of Excellence (TAE) initiative and is an active member of the Health Sciences TAE at his institution. The author recognizes the following for their assistance with this article: Daehan Won, [email protected], Assistant professor Jingxi He, [email protected], Ph.D. candidate Shrouq M. Alelaumi, [email protected], Ph.D. candidate Yuanyuan Li, [email protected], Ph.D. candidate Yuqiao Cen, [email protected], Ph.D. candidate References ​​​​​​​[1] Qi, Q., and Tao, F., 2018. Digital twin and big data towards smart manufacturing and industry 4.0: 360 degree comparison. IEEE Access, 6, pp.3585-3593. [2] 10 Ways machine learning is revolutionizing manufacturing in 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2019/08/11/10-ways-machine-learning-is-revolutionizing-manufacturing-in-2019/?sh=7cd2e9e22b40. [3] Khader, N. and Yoon, S.W., 2018. Stencil printing process optimization to control solder paste volume transfer efficiency. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 8(9), pp.1686-1694. [4] Lu, H., Wang, H., Yoon, S.W. and Won, D., 2019. Real-Time stencil printing optimization using a hybrid multi-layer online sequential extreme learning and evolutionary search approach. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 9(12), pp.2490-2498. [5] Alelaumi, S., Wang, H., Lu, H. and Yoon, S.W., 2020. A Predictive Abnormality Detection Model Using Ensemble Learning in Stencil Printing Process. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 10(9), pp.1560-1568. [6] Alelaumi, S., Khader, N., He, J., Lam, S. and Yoon, S.W., 2021. Residue buildup predictive modeling for stencil cleaning profile decision-making using recurrent neural network. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 68, p.102041.

Shari Liss, executive director of the SEMI Foundation, is determined to help more people discover careers in the microelectronics industry. As a woman and longtime leader in both education and tech, she has a keen understanding of how chip industry jobs are often not visible or accessible to many people. To address this, she is spearheading the SEMI Foundation’s Industry Image and Awareness Campaign. I asked Shari to tell me about herself, her passion for this work, and this important campaign.Williams: When did you join SEMI? What were you doing before? What is your background?Liss: I joined the SEMI Foundation as executive director in September of 2019. I came to SEMI from Ignited, where as CEO I recruited, trained, and placed more than 400 educators in summer fellowships at top companies for transformative professional development that grew the Bay Area’s STEM talent pool and workforce pipelines. I'm an educator, a math geek, a mom, a musician, and a passionate advocate for a stronger, more diverse workforce.Williams: What is the Industry Image and Awareness Campaign?Liss: The Industry Image and Awareness Campaign, which SEMI has been running for several years, aims to dramatically increase awareness of the huge breadth of careers in the microelectronics industry and build its talent pipeline. The current campaign includes national media exposure and education that highlights careers in the U.S. microelectronics industry. It has two main components: a PBS documentary about our industry that will reach up to 60 million households, and an interactive website that will walk visitors through STEM career pathways and provide resources that increase industry awareness and interest, particularly among women, veterans and people of color. Integrated with SEMI’s Global Workforce Development Initiative, the website will help connect prospective talent to job openings while also focusing on the industry’s long-term workforce needs. The platform will function as a seamless point of contact, supporting recruiting and retention for employers while also serving those in need of upskilling or reskilling. It will target current industry workers as well as prospective employees, including students, veterans, and workers in other occupations.The two components will be integrated, with video content from the documentary series embedded on the website to provide inspiring stories from people already working in the industry.Williams: Why is this campaign important? What problem is it trying to solve in our industry?Liss: Currently, SEMI member companies have tens of thousands of open positions. These can only be filled if we aggressively and purposely attack the talent gaps. When we talk with students, soldiers and other diverse communities, they have little awareness of the kind of work there is in microelectronics, the jobs that await them, and the industry itself. Our industry generally does not have the same name recognition or understanding as social media or software companies, and many potential workers don't know about us.Students understand what’s on their phones and tablets – Google, Amazon, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, TikTok – but they don’t know that microelectronics technology powers all of it! STEM talent is already tough to find. Our industry’s relative invisibility makes it even more difficult to find the workers we need. This campaign aims to enlighten and inspire a new generation of innovative workers to join the microelectronics industry. Williams: Why does the microelectronics industry need a more diverse talent pipeline?Liss: The workforce development challenges we face as an industry are layered. We all know that our industry – and our need for a skilled workforce – will continue to grow. We also know that women and people of color are widely underrepresented. They face systemic barriers that start in grade school and continue through each individual’s professional journey. This is not only a significant problem from a social justice and equity standpoint, but it also hampers our companies and our industry.A large body of research shows that more diverse companies are more innovative, productive, competitive, and profitable. They also have less absenteeism, better retention, and greater company and customer loyalty. Our industry cannot fully thrive without a diverse workforce. That’s why reversing this trend is a priority and will take significant investments and systemic changes throughout the entire workforce pipeline. If we do that, we’ll have more successful companies and a dramatically improved industry over the next decade.Williams: Who are our partners in this effort?Liss: We are working with Roadtrip Nation and CAEL, both affiliates of Strada Education.Roadtrip Nation is an Emmy Award-winning media and career guidance nonprofit, whose mission is to empower people to define their own roads in life. Each year, Roadtrip Nation selects socially relevant topics for its narrative-based storytelling projects. Content from these “roadtrips” is then disseminated across a wide range of education and media channels to inspire the next generation with a more inclusive view of the future of work. Roadtrip Nation is creating the video content and the PBS documentary series focuses on the microelectronics industry.The Council for Adult and Experiential Learning (CAEL) is a nonprofit that helps forge a clear, viable bridge between education and career success, providing solutions that promote sustainable and equitable economic growth. CAEL is creating our interactive online platform that will clarify career pathways and guide users in navigating the learning opportunities that connect them to industry jobs and enable upward mobility and access to leadership roles.Williams: How are we engaging our member companies in this work?Liss: Our members and their talent needs are at the core of this work and informing it every step of the way. We are ensuring that the campaign meets these needs as well as those of our university partners, students and workforce development peers in the industry. Through multiple discovery sessions, we are capturing our members’ ideas, hiring challenges, skill gaps and other insights. The campaign’s member-based steering committee is guiding the project.Williams: What kinds of companies and leadership have been involved so far?Liss: Participation has already been incredible, with 38 member companies having joined us for more than 15 hours of discovery sessions and brainstorming. A dozen member companies participate in the steering committee, which is currently defining career pathways and industry needs.Williams: What are the participating companies saying so far?Liss: The response has been amazing! It is truly an unprecedented collaboration. Participants have been effusive about the experience. Here are some of their observations:“It was such a valuable and meaningful discussion. I was so glad to see that so many people from this industry are on the same page – perception, challenge, target audience, action items.”“I enjoyed the sessions very much and the insights from all participants, it is a valuable and meaningful cause.”“These are complex challenges that our industry faces, but kudos to you and SEMI for delving into the big issues and formulating a way forward to raise visibility and elevate perception for the next generation of leadership!”“This project will turn out great in the end! I am amazed at the progress in just a few days.”“I’m excited to see where this project can lead our industry! Thank you for all your hard work and leadership.”“The sequence of events was well structured, organized and focused. I strongly believe that these will be of great benefit to the industry!”Williams: What is the end result we’re working toward?Liss: Through powerful storytelling, amazing networking opportunities, and targeted marketing and outreach tools, we will reach millions of potential employees and open their eyes to the terrific jobs and careers in our industry. The awareness campaign, the website, the videos and the documentary series are all tools that will also reach parents, teachers, school counselors, and industry influences, all while supporting our member companies in hiring.Williams: When can the industry expect to begin to see results of the campaign?Liss: The Roadtrip Nation documentary series will likely air in the first half of 2022, and we anticipate the CAEL website to be live by mid-2022.Williams: What’s the most interesting or powerful lesson you’ve learned so far?Liss: The most powerful thing that I’ve learned is that no matter the company, the leader, or the employee, they all agree on the critical importance of attracting and retaining talent to sustain innovation and industry growth. Because industry awareness and image is such a vital challenge, it’s creating a shared passion across companies and participants. It’s been exciting to see this alignment.Williams: Why are you such a champion of this? What does it mean to you personally?Liss: Throughout my career, I have sought opportunities to grow and scale my impact in STEM education. From being an educator, to an administrator, to running a California-based STEM education nonprofit supporting educators, and now in my work at SEMI, I have always looked for ways to reach more educators and students. As my career progressed, my roles shifted to not just education content, but how to align industry and education. I am passionate about providing students with learning environments that help them understand how the subject matter applies to the real world. When we connect abstract concepts to real-world applications, the lessons tend to be so much more tangible and accessible to kids. It inspires them to want to keep learning those subjects and makes it more likely that they will be excited about what they are studying.At SEMI, I love that I can help form partnerships between the industry and education providers to amplify these messages. I look forward to working with industry stakeholders to provide career opportunities for diverse populations, for soldiers, and for women returning to work.For more information about the Industry Image and Awareness Campaign, contact Shari at [email protected]. Michelle Williams is deputy director of the SEMI Foundation.

Now, more than ever, semiconductor companies are relying on their human resources departments to ensure employee safety, support facility access and hygiene measures, cope with staffing demands and incorporate the rapidly evolving guidelines from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the local state and city mandates. SEMI spoke with Crystal Reich, HR manager at X-FAB Texas, about her participation in the Fab Owners Alliance (FOA) human resources group and the value of collaborating with industry peers on a broad spectrum of topics: from focusing on specific areas such as ensuring employee safety and managing the workforce during a pandemic, to addressing broader organizational challenges such as benchmarking activities and identifying compensation and staffing best practices. SEMI: How did you learn about the FOA human resources group? Reich: I have been part of the FOA HR group since its inception in 2012. Lloyd Whetzel, the CEO at X-FAB Texas, has been very involved with the FOA for several years. When this group was being formed, he let me know about it. I came to the first meeting and have been a part of it ever since. SEMI: What does your participation in the FOA human resources group allow you and your company to do differently? Reich: I am also involved with the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), but the FOA HR group provides an excellent opportunity for semiconductor industry HR professionals to collaborate. The group not only covers topics that are specific to the semiconductor industry but also discusses broader topics related to preserving employee well-being during unprecedented challenging times, managing negative emotions, establishing appropriate political expression policies, and creating safe spaces for dialogue. Also, the benchmarking has been fantastic, especially from a compensation and staffing standpoint. It allows us to identify best-in-class recruitment strategies, determine any shortfalls and use this information to improve employee onboarding and development. In addition to discussing these types of issues and trends, we compare and benchmark other HR issues such as policy deployment and legislative trends with colleagues in the industry. SEMI: What are some of the key topics and activities that the FOA HR group has helped you focus on? Reich: X-FAB has been involved in a variety of activities at SEMI. Through the SEMI High Tech U program, we have been able to help college-bound high school students in our community access STEM curriculum and explore careers in technology. We have devised more robust military outreach strategies with the help of the Veterans Program at SEMI, allowing us to recruit and retain excellent technicians from the military. Additionally, benchmarking activities within the FOA HR group have helped us improve our talent acquisition process - especially for positions which are challenging to fill. SEMI: The pandemic brought many significant and unprecedented challenges that affected business continuity. How did your company's participation in the FOA help you navigate these changes? Reich: The FOA has been a great help in addressing the challenges of the global pandemic across several operational collaborative teams. In the early days of the pandemic, as employees moved to remote work, FOA organized a forum that allowed members to share how they dealt with this transition. Constantly changing guidelines and protocols meant that FOA members leaned on each other more than ever to share best practices and lessons from new safety process implementations. FOA offered survey and area-specific team activities, cross-functional operational sessions, and round table discussions at its 2020 Q4 meeting, where members exchanged ideas on how business processes changed during this period and shared what they were doing to ensure business continuity. This provided another excellent opportunity for FOA members to benchmark best practices within the semiconductor industry. SEMI: Would you recommend your peers to join the FOA HR group? Reich: I would highly recommend HR colleagues in the semiconductor industry join this collaborative group. It is a great platform to share ideas, learn from each other, and benchmark with other colleagues in the same industry. The FOA HR Metrics survey is a comprehensive survey covering several different areas within the HR discipline such as compensation, learning and development, tool training, corporate social responsibility, and many others. True to the nature of the FOA, the survey is a result of the collaboration between several HR professionals from Device Maker member companies. Please contact Shilpa Talwalkar at [email protected] if you would like to participate. X-FAB is a member of the SEMI Fab Owners Alliance, an international group of semiconductor and MEMS fab managers and industry suppliers that meet regularly to solve common non-competitive manufacturing issues and improve their business results. Nishita Rao is senior product marketing manager at SEMI.

As the global economy is constantly transformed, the need for new skills has never been higher. The microelectronics industry is thoroughly affected by this urgent need. To develop a workforce fit for the future, it is crucial to invest not only in reskilling and upskilling, but also in skills anticipation and inclusivity. To tackle this need, the European microelectronics ecosystem has adopted many bottom-up initiatives and good practices supporting lifelong learning. Many companies collaborate with universities and training institutes to offer work-based training, and numerous events take place to support women participation in STEM and to attract more young talent to a microelectronics career. Despite these great efforts, further pooling of investments is necessary if Europe is to develop efficient lifelong learning programs. Creating strong skills partnerships is vital for sustainable upskilling and reskilling initiatives. According to the World Economic Forum (2021), greater private-public collaboration on large-scale upskilling and reskilling initiatives could boost global GDP by $6.5 trillion and lead to the creation of 5.3 million net new jobs by 2030. What is the Skills Partnership? Against this backdrop, SEMI Europe is launching the Skills Partnership for Microelectronics. The partnership brings together industrial and education partners from the microelectronics ecosystem to implement the Pact for Skills, an EU initiative which aims to boost upskilling and reskilling investments in key ecosystems for Europe’s competitiveness. Following the high-level roundtable with SEMI Europe’s Advisory Board, hosted by European Commissioners Thierry Breton and Nicolas Schmit, the microelectronics sector was selected in November 2020 as one of the key ecosystems for the first wave of implementation of the Pact, alongside automotive and aerospace/defense. Read more details about the October 2020 roundtable. 59 partners have already endorsed the Pact for Skills for Microelectronics. The Skills Partnership for Microelectronics aims to: Exchange good practices of upskilling and reskilling initiatives of the microelectronics industry Develop sustainable collaboration mechanisms that will monitor microelectronics skill needs, learning from the examples of the METIS blueprint project Promote the microelectronics sector as a career choice Boost the presence of women and other under-represented groups in the sector. The partners will have the opportunity to liaise not only with European, but also with national and regional authorities and clusters, so that a pan-European holistic approach to microelectronics skills development is achieved, and a significant flux of public and private investments on skills is mobilized. To launch this ambitious partnership, SEMI Europe held an initial workshop on March 17. Participants included representatives from the European Commission’s DG Connect, DG Employment and DG Grow, national and regional authorities, and over 70 industry and education partners. The workshop opened with representatives from the European Commission informing all stakeholders about the Pact for Skills initiative, as well as about EU skills-related funding opportunities. In the framework of the Pact for Skills, the Commission will support the ecosystems with a Networking Hub, a Knowledge Hub and a Guidance Resources Hub. These platforms will be available later in 2021 and will act as a one-stop-shop to support the partners and provide information on EU policies and funding opportunities. Other presentations went on to set the scene, presenting the main priorities of the partnership. Françoise Chombar, CEO of Melexis, highlighted the skills challenge experienced by the microelectronics industry. She emphasized the importance of lifelong learning and the danger of the gender disbalance in the sector and underlined the huge innovation potential and profitability that could be unleashed for Europe if the gender gap is successfully addressed. Moreover, the preliminary results of the METIS Microelectronics Skills Strategy were presented, to offer the basis for the partnership’s approach to skills anticipation. The partnership will establish working groups that will investigate the industry needs, leading to a better connection with the offer of education and training programs. Last but not least, the partnership aims to promote national and regional funding of upskilling and reskilling initiatives. In this regard, representatives from national and regional authorities and clusters participated in the meeting. The government of the Basque region had an active role, presenting the region’s priorities, incentives and main actions on promotion of lifelong learning initiatives. The next steps The meeting concluded with an overview of the next steps for the newly launched partnership. In the next workshop, the partners will align on the specific KPIs, as well as on the focus areas where they would like to engage (skills anticipation in semiconductor manufacturing, skills anticipation in semiconductor design, gender balance, etc.). In that framework, the executive board will be established, as well as the working groups that will lead the work of the partnership and set targeted objectives. If you want to take active part in the creation of this large-scale initiative, please fill in your details here. To learn more about the initiative, click here or contact [email protected]. Stefania Gavra is public affairs manager at SEMI Europe.

As we pass the work-from-home one-year mark, most of us still work remotely and will do so for the foreseeable future. As live trade shows and technical conferences were cancelled one after the other, virtual events became the norm. And, teleconferencing became a way of life. While possibly overstating our role, we have the semiconductor industry – from system design through manufacturing and system integration – to thank for a long history of achievement that made the transition to working remotely relatively seamless and straightforward. The shift, in some cases, took some time to sort out as we set up a workable home office, moved to video conferencing with intermittent connections and settled into a routine. Nonetheless, many of us became more productive and, in some cases, even too productive. Each spoke in the global electronic products hub contributed through creativity and innovation with a pinch of ingenuity and grit. Of course, we could have worked remotely 10 years ago, but not nearly as efficiently. Over the last 10 years, the economy moved to the cloud, producing new opportunities across the global market. Many of these opportunities were made possible by the electronic system supply chain and combination of semiconductor technology, electronic product innovation and people who figured how to leverage it with software platforms to tie it together. Zoom, one of our teleconferencing lifelines, is a good example, as are Netflix, our ongoing source of entertainment, and Roblox, a platform to build games. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and the like sourced the news for us and kept us in touch. Amazon delivered our online purchases and GrubHub brought us our takeout dinners. All rely on cloud computing with thanks to the semiconductor industry. Another great example are data centers powered by semiconductors and the amount of data they processed last year. According to International Data Corporation (IDC), 64.2 zettabyte (ZB) of data was created or replicated due to the dramatic increase in the number of people working, learning and entertaining themselves from home. (Its revised model for global data creation and replication predicts the CAGR will grow to 23% over the 2020-2025 forecast period, a sure bet that the semiconductor industry will address ways to manage the growth, possibly through new AI chips.) Our connectivity is driven by smartphones optimized for low power and the performance of more complex chips. Over the last 10 years, design tools have been enhanced and new methodologies have been introduced to respond to the needs of the increasing complex chips for applications that demand high bandwidth, low latency and reduced power consumption and area. Manufacturing is retooling for higher automation under smart manufacturing initiatives and packaging is even more sophisticated with increasing integration and the 2.5D and 3D packaging rollouts. Let’s take stock of our success. The semiconductor industry has a storied tradition of breakthrough technology since its inception. The consumer electronic product craze started when the first PCs were rolled out in 1971, notes the Computer History Museum. Primitive laptops that followed in 1986 gave way to notebooks in 2007 and the ubiquitous smartphone in 2002 – and the rocket fuel for much of this was the buildout of computer networks, hyperscale datacenters and the cloud. Nothing’s been the same since. The next time we turn on our laptop, click on the link for the latest teleconference from our remote home office in comfortable sweats sitting in our ergonomic chair, let’s take a minute to acknowledge our industry’s grand achievement. And, thank one and all for their contribution and consider what’s coming next. About the Author Robert (Bob) Smith is Executive Director of the ESD Alliance, a SEMI Strategic Association Partner. He is responsible for the management and operations of the ESD Alliance, an international association of companies providing goods and services throughout the semiconductor design ecosystem.

While flying cars have been a science fiction mainstay for decades, new sensors, software and other technology put personal air travel vehicles within reach. MEMS and Sensors Industry Group (MSIG) interviewed Dr. Alberto Speranzon, Fellow at Honeywell Aerospace Advanced Technology, about his upcoming keynote Sensors and Software Enabling Autonomy for Urban Air Mobility at the MEMS and Sensors Technical Congress (MSTC 2021) virtual event, April 13-15. Dr. Speranzon will discuss Honeywell’s challenges in enabling air taxis and the path forward to building out the necessary infrastructure. SEMI: People have dreamed of flying cars for decades. What has changed recently that makes them a near-term reality? Speranzon: There certainly are multiple factors that have contributed to pushing both new startups and established aerospace companies to make this dream a reality. Advances in battery technology are bringing electric aviation closer to being viable. There is still more to be done to achieve higher energy density in batteries, but already with today’s technology we can have vehicles that can fly from the suburbs to the downtown of a large U.S. city. At the same time, urbanization has created a lot of congestion, so finding new, efficient ways to move people and goods across megacities is becoming a critical need. Undeniably, the autonomous car industry has contributed to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve levels of automation and autonomy that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. The advances in sensing and computation required to make self-driving cars a reality is certainly going to help the aviation industry to develop autonomy in the air. SEMI: An air taxi must be highly sensorized. What types of sensors pose your biggest development challenge? Speranzon: Aircraft based on today’s battery systems simply cannot accommodate the size, power requirements and weight of sensors used by standard airliners. So there still is work to be done to reduce the SWaP (Size, Weight and Power) of these systems. Honeywell, for example, has developed a multipurpose radar, the IntuVue RDR-84K, that is only about the size of a paperback book. It can detect traffic, terrain and even weather, and was specially designed for air taxis and cargo UAS (unmanned aerial systems). Today, however, we still rely on human pilots to make the very complex decisions and, despite all the limitations that human eyes have, we do rely on them in a multitude of complex situations. There is also growing interest in integrating cameras into autonomous air taxis and similar platforms. Cameras can’t work alone, because they are affected by foggy, rainy and dim conditions. But they are lightweight, inexpensive, and require little power. That can make them very useful when combined with a compatible radar system like the RDR-84K. While these sensors bring new opportunities to the aerospace industry, they also pose some big challenges. For example, today’s state-of-the-art algorithms for image processing are machine learning algorithms called deep neural networks. They’re capable of extracting high-level information from pixels. But when it comes to aircraft certification, these algorithms face major hurdles. There is no software of this kind in any certified air vehicle, and it is unclear how regulators would certify neural network-based software components. Developers could avoid these new machine-learning algorithms and use standard computer vision methods instead. But they still face the challenge of deciding the type and quantities of images sufficient to declare the software “bug-free.” A similar set of questions will be also be true for radars, as they will be used to feed data more directly into the autonomy modules of future air taxis. So in the short term, we need to tackle the challenge of reducing the size and weight of sensors. But in parallel, we need to develop new ways to take advantage of machine learning: utilizing cameras and radars for autonomous decision making while still ensuring the highest standards of safety. SEMI: How is autonomous air mobility more or less challenging than autonomous ground vehicles? Speranzon: They are both challenging in their own ways. Autonomy on the ground – and I am thinking specifically of autonomous cars – is challenging as their “normal” behavior is very complex. We humans can drive from point A to point B over the public road network without a second thought. But to a machine, the heterogeneity of the people driving on the road, their sometimes unpredictable behavior, the changing weather conditions and shifting environments pose huge challenges. These things make what we call “normal driving” a very difficult problem to solve. At the same time, however, “off-nominal” scenarios in ground autonomy, while complex, are not orders of magnitude more complex than “nominal” scenarios. Ground vehicles can brake and stop, change lanes or move to the side of the road to avoid a crash or manage a malfunction. For autonomous air vehicles, the difference between nominal and off-nominal scenarios is more extreme. “Nominal” flying can rely on some of the existing aviation infrastructure, like communication between air traffic control and other aircraft. Air taxis can follow predefined paths and long-established aviation procedures as they move from vertiport A to vertiport B. This results in more automation than autonomy: everything is prescribed in advance and the onboard computer will follow what is pre-defined. Thus, nominal conditions will be fairly simple. However, in case of accidents or emergencies, aircraft face situations that are orders of magnitude more complex than nominal scenarios. An air vehicle cannot easily just “stop.” It could be 1,000-2,000 ft above ground, possibly above a bustling city. Human pilots go through rigorous training to be able to deal with emergencies like these. Consider the split-second judgments and airmanship behind the 2009 “miracle on the Hudson” landing. Asking autonomy to make the right decisions and execute emergency behaviors is a huge challenge. And these systems will need to be certified to the aviation industry’s very high standards. At present, we do not even have a well-established set of certification rules that an autonomous flying vehicle should comply with. SEMI: How soon might I be able to take an air taxi ride? Speranzon: Initial deployment of air taxis will happen around 2025. They will have human pilots but will use simpler interfaces than today’s cockpits. This first step will provide technologies that make it easier to take off and land, and to avoid traffic. That will reduce the need for highly experienced pilots and should help alleviate the overall shortage of pilots in the aviation industry. Fully autonomous air taxis are likely not going to show up until after 2030. In the beginning, they will likely fly only in regions where the weather is good most of the time. The autonomous car industry has already adopted this strategy, mostly deploying their technology in regions where the weather is dry and sunny. Soon, however, we’ll start seeing operations in “all-weather” scenarios and an increasing number of air vehicles within the same airspace. There is one critical stepping stone on the way to fully autonomous passenger aircraft: the success of fully autonomous cargo drones. For light parcels we will see initial deployments in 2022 or 2023, followed by larger UAS capable of transporting heaver cargo in 2024-2025. But whatever the timing, these are very exciting times. The aviation industry is witnessing a revolution with new vehicle manufacturers, new technologies and, likely, new applications we have not even dreamt of yet. Learn more about Honeywell’s work in urban air mobility and unmanned aircraft at aerospace.honeywell.com/uam. Alberto Speranzon is a Fellow within Honeywell Aerospace Advanced Technology. He received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden in 2006. Since joining Honeywell, Alberto has been working on various aspects of autonomous systems for urban air mobility, leading such research areas as program manager and principal investigator. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE Control Systems Society. Nishita Rao is product marketing manager at SEMI.

VLSI Research announced the list of top suppliers of critical subsystems to the semiconductor industry in 2020. The data shows that companies supplying products to chipmakers for use in the sub-fab had a good year, but those providing products directly to OEMs had an outstanding year.

The pandemic has taught us that diversity in the supply chain is more critical than ever. We need to be reliant on all resources available to us and seize opportunities where we can. With 2021 coming in hot with chip shortages across the world, there is a race to increase production yields despite traditional supply chains tapping out from a capacity standpoint. Solutions to these technology and supply chain problems require all hands-on deck including the smartest people in the world wherever, whoever, and however they are. Unfortunately, a quick look at the semiconductor supply chain reveals that for whatever reason, too many diverse owned suppliers are nowhere to be found. So, what does this mean for the semiconductor industry? It’s as if we’re working with one hand tied behind our back. Supplier DiversitySupplier Diversity is a strategy that drives the inclusion of diverse-owned businesses in the procurement of goods and services within an organization. Diverse groups vary globally in accordance with local laws but often include underrepresented groups such as women and local in-country minorities. Diverse companies are currently certified by being at least 51% owned, operated, and controlled by diverse individuals. Supplier diversity does not include lowering bidding standards or awarding business based on diversity status. Diversity done right increases ideas and competition.By diversifying the supply chain, we can expect to see an influx of innovation to improve our processes through competition. Diverse companies entering new markets bring unique perspectives and can often focus on R D problems large multinationals overlook. Engaging in the semiconductor industry allows local businesses to learn from what already exists in the market and offer new ideas that were not considered before. Furthermore, local businesses have more flexibility to create custom solutions for the process.New diverse suppliers also mean additional capacity to supplement the already taxed supply base. If your current suppliers are telling you they’re full, it might be time to branch out. Don’t assume that diverse suppliers are incapable of scale. There are many examples of multi-billion-dollar companies that are certified-diverse bringing world class scale, solutions, and capability to existing semiconductor supply chains. From one off prototyping to large scale manufacturing, diverse suppliers bring multiple skill sets. In addition to innovation and capacity building, expanding diverse suppliers has multiple other benefits to consider:Government tax and contract incentives exist for supply chains with certified diverse content2020 increased public awareness of diversity and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Expanding these programs is in line with stakeholder expectations.Flexibility of a privately held company with excellent customer service, often with less bureaucracy of a publicly traded companyTake ActionIf you’re seeing the gap between supply (chain) and demand, there’s plenty you can do about it. If you are a diverse owned company in an adjacent high precision manufacturing space, consider joining the semiconductor industry. You can reach out to your certifying NGO to find out more about our industry (SEMI is reaching out to them!).If you’re a company looking to cast a wider and more inclusive global net in your bidding process, you’ve got options as well. Start by making an intentional effort to start your own supplier diversity program. Scrub your existing supply chain and you may be surprised to find you’re already working with some high performing diverse suppliers. Maintain high standards and fair bidding while proactively including diverse suppliers in your opportunities – they can compete and win the business.The Manufacturing Ownership Diversity In 2018, SEMI members Applied Materials, Lam Research, TEL, and Intel approached SEMI with the idea of forming a special interest group that would work to increase the available diverse suppliers within the semiconductor industry. This led to the creation of the SEMI Manufacturing Ownership Diversity (MOD). The SEMI MOD working group is comprised of chip manufacturers, OEMs, component suppliers and NGOs working to develop a common standard to define supplier diversity within the industry and provide best practices. While all companies are welcome and needed to bring their best, we’d like to focus on the opportunities for diverse suppliers. An early participant is Heateflex, a minority owned business until 2019 which was brought onboard by Intel and Applied Materials.It’s time our industry takes a proactive approach to finding, inviting, and cultivating every able supply chain partner, including those that are diverse owned. We must make it clear that we are open for business to diverse companies – problem solvers needed! A more diverse supply chain will not only address the capacity issue, but it can also lead to improving innovation and cost savings, enable companies to qualify for new opportunities, and connect businesses with common corporate values.Our message is simple: Join us! The semiconductor industry is “open for business” and calling all diverse suppliers which bring a competitive advantage to the table. For more information about the MOD, visit us under the SEMI Foundation at the SEMI Manufacturing Ownership Diversity (MOD). The MOD is planning a virtual panel discussion on May 11, 2021 to introduce supplier diversity concepts and best practices in the semiconductor industry. Look for more information on the MOD web page.Beckett Tracy, Commercial Group Lead, Intel Corporation; Carlos D. Dones, Supply Chain Manager, Applied Materials, Inc.; Patricia Nhan, Marketing Coordinator, Heateflex by White Knight